All About GRE

The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test widely used for admission to graduate and professional programs in the United States and other countries. It measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills.

History and Purpose

The GRE was established in 1936 by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The test is designed to evaluate a candidate’s readiness for graduate-level academic work and is used by thousands of universities and institutions worldwide.

Who Takes the GRE?

The GRE is taken by prospective graduate and business school applicants from all around the world. The test scores are used by admissions committees to supplement undergraduate records, recommendation letters, and other qualifications for graduate-level study.

Structure of the GRE

The GRE consists of three main sections: Analytical Writing, Verbal Reasoning, and Quantitative Reasoning.

Analytical Writing

Task Types

1. Issue Task: Requires the test-taker to write an essay on a given topic, presenting a well-supported argument.
2. Argument Task: Requires the test-taker to critique an argument presented in a brief passage.

Scoring

Analytical Writing is scored on a scale of 0 to 6, in half-point increments. Essays are scored by both a human grader and a computer program, and the final score is the average of the two.

Verbal Reasoning

Question Types

1. Reading Comprehension: Tests the ability to understand and analyze written material.
2. Text Completion: Requires filling in the blanks in a passage with appropriate words.
3. Sentence Equivalence: Involves choosing two words that complete a sentence in a way that produces equivalent meanings.

Scoring

Verbal Reasoning is scored on a scale of 130 to 170, in 1-point increments.

Quantitative Reasoning

Question Types

1. Quantitative Comparison: Requires comparing two quantities and determining the relationship between them.
2. Multiple-choice Questions: Includes both single-answer and multiple-answer questions.
3. Numeric Entry: Requires entering the exact numerical answer to a question.

Scoring

Quantitative Reasoning is scored on a scale of 130 to 170, in 1-point increments.

Registration and Test Day

Registration Process

1. Create an ETS Account: Sign up on the official ETS website.
2. Choose a Test Date and Location: Select a convenient date and test center.
3. Pay the Fee: The standard test fee is $205, though it may vary by location.

Test Day Procedures

1. Arrive Early: Arrive at least 30 minutes before the scheduled time.
2. Bring Identification: A valid ID, usually a passport or driver’s license.
3. Understand the Rules: Familiarize yourself with the test center regulations.

Test Format

The GRE is offered in two formats: computer-based and paper-based. Most test-takers opt for the computer-based version, but the paper-based test is available in regions where the computer-based test is not offered.

Computer-based Test

The computer-based GRE is adaptive, meaning the difficulty of questions adjusts based on the test-taker’s performance. This format is available year-round at testing centers worldwide.

Paper-based Test

The paper-based GRE is offered up to three times a year in areas where the computer-based test is not available. This format follows a fixed question order and does not adapt to the test-taker’s performance.

Preparation for the GRE

Study Materials

1. Official ETS Resources: Including the Official Guide to the GRE and PowerPrep software.
2. Prep Books: From publishers like Kaplan, Princeton Review, and Barron’s.
3. Online Courses: Platforms such as Magoosh, Manhattan Prep, and Coursera offer comprehensive courses.
4. Mobile Apps: GRE preparation apps like Magoosh GRE Prep and Manhattan Prep GRE can be useful for on-the-go study sessions.

Study Strategies

1. Create a Study Plan: Tailor a study schedule based on your strengths and weaknesses.
2. Practice Tests: Take full-length practice tests to simulate test day conditions.
3. Review and Analyze: Regularly review your practice test results and identify areas for improvement.
4. Focus on Weaknesses: Spend more time on areas where you need the most improvement.
5. Learn Test-taking Techniques: Strategies like process of elimination, time management, and educated guessing can boost your score.

Test-taking Tips

1. Time Management: Practice pacing yourself to ensure you complete each section within the allotted time.
2. Answer Every Question: There’s no penalty for wrong answers, so it’s best to guess if unsure.
3. Stay Calm and Focused: Practice relaxation techniques to manage test-day anxiety.
4. Understand the Instructions: Familiarize yourself with the test instructions to save time on test day.

Practice Resources

1. Official GRE Practice Tests: Available through ETS’s PowerPrep software.
2. Prep Books with Practice Tests: Books from Kaplan, Princeton Review, and Barron’s include practice tests.
3. Online Practice Tests: Websites like Manhattan Prep and Magoosh offer online practice tests.

GRE Subject Tests

In addition to the general GRE, there are Subject Tests available in specific fields:

Available Subjects

1. Biology
2. Chemistry
3. Literature in English
4. Mathematics
5. Physics
6. Psychology

Purpose and Structure

Subject Tests are designed to assess knowledge in specific disciplines. They are typically required for specialized graduate programs and consist of multiple-choice questions.

Test Content

1. Biology: Covers cellular and molecular biology, organismal biology, and ecology and evolution.
2. Chemistry: Includes analytical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry.
3. Literature in English: Focuses on literary analysis, identification, and cultural and historical contexts.
4. Mathematics: Encompasses calculus, algebra, and additional topics like discrete mathematics.
5. Physics: Tests knowledge in classical mechanics, electromagnetism, optics and wave phenomena, thermodynamics, and more.
6. Psychology: Covers biological, cognitive, social, and developmental psychology.

Scoring

Subject Tests are scored on a scale of 200 to 990, in 10-point increments. Subscores are also reported for some tests, providing additional insights into specific content areas.

GRE Scores and Reporting

Score Scales

1. Verbal Reasoning: 130-170
2. Quantitative Reasoning: 130-170
3. Analytical Writing: 0-6

Score Validity and Reporting

1. Score Validity: GRE scores are valid for five years.
2. Score Reporting: Scores can be sent to up to four institutions for free; additional reports incur a fee.

Interpreting Scores

Scores are used by admissions committees to compare applicants from diverse educational backgrounds. Percentile ranks help to understand how a score compares to those of other test-takers.

ScoreSelect Option

The ScoreSelect option allows test-takers to choose which scores to send to institutions. This feature is beneficial for applicants who have taken the test multiple times and want to present their best scores.

How Scores are Used

1. Admissions: Scores are used as part of the holistic admissions process, alongside transcripts, recommendation letters, and personal statements.
2. Scholarships and Fellowships: Some institutions use GRE scores to award financial aid, scholarships, and fellowships.
3. Program Placement: Scores may be used to determine placement in certain graduate programs or courses.

GRE vs. Other Standardized Tests

GRE vs. GMAT

1. Purpose: GRE is used for various graduate programs, while GMAT is specifically for business schools.
2. Structure: GRE includes verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing sections; GMAT has similar sections but also includes integrated reasoning.
3. Acceptance: Many business schools accept both GRE and GMAT scores.
4. Scoring: GRE scores are on a scale of 130-170 for verbal and quantitative, while GMAT scores range from 200-800.
5. Cost: The GRE typically costs less than the GMAT.

GRE vs. LSAT

1. Purpose: GRE is used for various graduate programs, while LSAT is specifically for law schools.
2. Structure: LSAT focuses on reading comprehension, logical reasoning, and analytical reasoning, unlike the GRE.
3. Acceptance: Some law schools now accept GRE scores in lieu of LSAT scores.
4. Test Frequency: LSAT is offered fewer times a year compared to the GRE.
5. Preparation: LSAT preparation requires a focus on logic games and legal reasoning, which is different from the GRE’s emphasis on general reasoning skills.

GRE vs. MCAT

1. Purpose: GRE is used for various graduate programs, while MCAT is specifically for medical schools.
2. Structure: MCAT includes sections on biological and chemical foundations, critical analysis, and psychological foundations.
3. Acceptance: MCAT is generally required for medical school applications, while GRE is used for other graduate programs.
4. Test Length: MCAT is longer, typically lasting about 7.5 hours, compared to the GRE’s 3.75 hours.
5. Content: MCAT focuses heavily on science subjects, whereas GRE covers a broader range of skills.

Common GRE Myths

Myth 1: GRE is Only for Engineers

While many engineering students take the GRE, it is designed for a wide range of disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, business, and natural sciences.

Myth 2: High Scores Guarantee Admission

While high GRE scores can enhance an application, admissions committees consider multiple factors, including academic records, letters of recommendation, and personal statements.

Myth 3: You Can’t Improve Your GRE Score

With dedicated practice and effective study strategies, test-takers can significantly improve their scores.

Myth 4: Only Native English Speakers Can Score High on Verbal

Non-native English speakers can achieve high scores on the Verbal section with thorough preparation and practice.

Myth 5: The GRE is Only for U.S. Universities

Many universities outside the U.S., including institutions in Canada, Europe, and Asia, accept GRE scores for their graduate programs.

GRE Test-Taking Strategies

General Strategies

1. Understand the Format: Familiarize yourself with the test structure and question types.
2. Take Practice Tests: Simulate test day conditions to build stamina and confidence.
3. Review Mistakes: Analyze incorrect answers to understand your weaknesses.
4. Build Vocabulary: Expand your vocabulary to improve performance on the Verbal section.
5. Master Math Concepts: Review fundamental math concepts and practice problem-solving techniques.

Analytical Writing Strategies

1. Practice Writing Essays: Write practice essays on a variety of topics.
2. Use Clear Structure: Organize your essays with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
3. Develop Strong Arguments: Support your points with relevant examples and evidence.
4. Proofread: Check for grammar, spelling, and clarity.

Verbal Reasoning Strategies

1. Practice Reading Comprehension: Read diverse materials to improve comprehension skills.
2. Work on Text Completion and Sentence Equivalence: Practice these question types to enhance your ability to choose the right words.
3. Use Process of Elimination: Narrow down answer choices by eliminating clearly incorrect options.

Quantitative Reasoning Strategies

1. Review Math Basics: Ensure a strong understanding of basic arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.
2. Practice Data Interpretation: Work on interpreting data from graphs, charts, and tables.
3. Solve Quantitative Comparison Questions: Practice these to get used to comparing quantities quickly.

GRE Accommodations and Special Circumstances

Accommodations for Disabilities

ETS provides accommodations for test-takers with disabilities, including:

1. Extended Time: Additional time to complete the test.
2. Extra Breaks: Additional breaks during the test.
3. Screen Magnification: Enlarged text for those with visual impairments.
4. Braille and Audio Tests: Test materials in Braille or audio format.

Requesting Accommodations

1. Documentation: Provide documentation of your disability.
2. Application: Submit an application for accommodations through ETS.
3. Approval Process: ETS reviews the application and notifies the test-taker of the decision.

Non-standard Test Dates and Locations

In certain circumstances, ETS offers non-standard test dates and locations for individuals with specific needs. This may include remote locations or special testing environments.

Rescheduling and Cancellation

1. Rescheduling: You can reschedule your test date for a fee.
2. Cancellation: Canceling your test will result in a partial refund of the test fee.

GRE Scores and Their Impact

Impact on Admissions

GRE scores play a significant role in the admissions process, but they are not the sole factor. Admissions committees consider the following:

1. Academic Performance: Undergraduate GPA and coursework.
2. Letters of Recommendation: Endorsements from professors and professionals.
3. Personal Statement: A compelling narrative of your academic and career goals.
4. Research Experience: Relevant research projects and publications.

GRE Scores for Scholarships and Fellowships

High GRE scores can improve your chances of receiving scholarships and fellowships. Some funding opportunities specifically require or favor strong GRE performance.

Using GRE Scores for Career Advancement

While primarily used for graduate admissions, GRE scores can also be a valuable asset for career advancement. Some employers and professional organizations consider GRE scores in their evaluation process.

Tips for Non-native English Speakers

Improving English Skills

1. Reading: Read academic articles, books, and newspapers to enhance reading comprehension.
2. Writing: Practice writing essays and get feedback to improve clarity and coherence.
3. Listening: Listen to English podcasts, lectures, and conversations to improve listening skills.
4. Speaking: Engage in conversations with native speakers to build confidence and fluency.

Preparing for the Verbal Section

1. Build Vocabulary: Focus on learning high-frequency GRE words.
2. Practice Contextual Understanding: Work on understanding words in context.
3. Use Study Guides: Utilize study guides designed for non-native speakers.